2012年ACCA《P1专业会计师》备考复习指导4

2012年ACCA《P1专业会计师》备考复习指导4
Stakeholders theory   
Definition and components of stakeholders  
　　<1>Definition: any entity (person, group or possibly non-human entity) that can affect or be affected by the actions or policies of an organization. It is a bi-directional relationship. Each stakeholder group has different expectations about what it wants and different claims upon the organization.  
　　<2>Components: directors; employee; suppliers; customers; bank; lenders; regulators; government; community and environmental pressure groups, etc.  
Classifications of stakeholders  
　　<1> Internal, connected, and external stakeholders  
　　a. Internal: employees, management  
　　b. Connected: shareholder, customers, suppliers, competitors, trade unions  
　　c. External: government, the public, pressure group, opinion leaders  
　　<2> Narrow and wide stakeholders (affected by the organization’s strategy, how much the organization affects the stakeholder)  
　　a. Narrow (most affected): managers, employees, supplies, dependent customers, shareholders  
　　b. Wide (less affected): government, wide community, less dependent customers  
　　<3> Primary and secondary stakeholders (level of participation will affect the company’s continuing as a going concern or not, how much the stakeholder affected the organization)  
　　a. Primary (most affected): customers, suppliers, government  
　　b. Secondary (less affected): broad communities, management  
　　<4> Active and passive (seek to participate in the organization’s activities)  
　　a. Active: managers, shareholders, regulators or pressure groups  
　　b. Passive: shareholders, local communities, government  
Stakeholder theory  
　　<1> Content of stakeholder theory  
　　a. Stakeholders’ contribution and requirement: stakeholders contribute for company’s development and expect the company to satisfy their interest.  
　　b. Different goals and claims of stakeholder: each stakeholder group has different goals and expectations, so they have different claim upon the organization.  
　　c. Company’s corporate responsibility: companies should take corporate accountability to not only shareholder but also a broad range of stakeholder.  
　　d. Manager’s reconciliation of conflict of interest: management, as agent to all other stakeholders, should try to reconcile the competing interests of stakeholders based on maximum of long-term value. (Mendelow Matrix)  
　　<2>Stakeholders’ claim  
　　a. Definition: what does stakeholder want from an organization?  
　　b. The legitimacy of each stakeholder’s claim will depend on your ethical and political perspective on whether certain groups should be considered as stakeholders.  
　　<3> Different views of organizations’ reaction to stakeholder concerns  
　　a. Instrumental view – mainly economic/legal responsibilities with the aim of maximizing profits and no moral standpoint of its own. (Company believes fulfilling the responsibility to stakeholders will increase their profits.)  
　　b. Normative view – ethical/philanthropic responsibilities as well as economic/legal, and have moral duties toward stakeholders. Company accepts a responsibility to sustain social cohesion.  
Role and interest of stakeholders  
Internal stakeholder  
　　<1>Director  
　　a. Roles:  
　　(a) Executive director responsible for corporation management of the company  
　　(b) NEDs focus on monitor and control company in best interest of stakeholders  
　　b. Interests:  
　　(a) Remuneration package  
　　(b) Status/reputation/power